State Payroll Taxes: Everything You Need to Know in 2024

Understanding the ins and outs of state payroll taxes can seem confusing. Taxes and rates can vary by state, so even if you know the rules in one area, you may not know what to expect in another.

Plus, if you have employees working in multiple states, you have to make sure you are on top of regulations in all of those states. The good thing is that there aren’t too many different state payroll taxes to understand. Also, if you use an online payroll provider, they should be able to handle state payroll taxes for you.

Employer and Employee Payroll Taxes

Before we dive into the specifics of each state, let’s do a quick overview of the tax payments you can expect to see as you run payroll for your small business. There are two types of taxes: employer-paid and employee-paid.

Employer-paid Taxes

For 2024 payroll preparation, note the updated figures: The Social Security wage base now stands at $168,600, up from $142,800. The overall FICA tax rate remains unchanged at 7.65%, with Social Security at 6.2% on wages up to the new base, and the maximum tax for Social Security reaching $10,453.20.

Medicare tax rates are 1.45% on wages up to $200,000, with an additional 0.9% tax on wages above this threshold.

Remember, the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) imposes a 6% tax on the first $7,000 of an employee’s wages, potentially reducible to 0.6% with state unemployment tax credits. Local tax requirements will vary and should be checked according to your jurisdiction.

Keeping these figures in mind aids in accurate payroll management for the year.

Employee Paid Taxes

Employee-paid payroll taxes include federal income tax, state income tax (where applicable), FICA (Medicare and Social Security), and in some cases, local taxes. The rates for Medicare and Social Security are the same as they are for employers, 1.45% and 6.2% respectively.

Federal income tax is determined by Form W-4, and it fluctuates based on the employees’ paycheck. Some states don’t have an income tax, and some states have a variable income tax. It all depends on the rules in the state where the employee is working.

State Payroll Taxes

State payroll taxes include income tax, unemployment tax, and in some states and cities, local taxes. Income taxes are paid by employees, and unemployment taxes are paid by business owners.

Some states don’t have an income tax, but all states have an unemployment tax and a few states and cities also have local payroll taxes. To get more tax information check your state labor law guide.

State Income Tax

State income tax varies from state to state with an exemption of nine states that don’t tax regular income. They are Alaska, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington and Wyoming. If you are an employee working in one of those states, you won’t see any state income tax come out of your paychecks.

Nine other states have a flat tax rate for their state income tax. These states are Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Utah. Some of these states have a flat rate for taxable income, while others apply the flat rate to adjusted gross income.

Check with your state for exact rates and rules to make sure you know what to apply to your payroll or your personal income tax return.

All other states (and D.C.) have variable state income tax rates. That means that your tax rate will depend on how much you earn during the year. Some states have as few as three tax brackets, while others have up to twelve. Again, check with your state to see what brackets and rates they are using.

State Unemployment Tax

The other major state payroll tax is state unemployment. All states have state unemployment tax, and just like federal unemployment tax, it is used to pay benefits to people who are unemployed through no fault of their own. This temporary income is paid by the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) and the State Unemployment Tax Act (SUTA).

The state agency responsible for administering unemployment will assign a rate to your business. The rate will depend upon how long you have been in business, how many former employees have claimed unemployment benefits, and a few other related factors. Your rate can change each year, so be on the lookout for any adjustments.

Additionally, the federal and state governments cooperate to facilitate businesses paying unemployment insurance taxes; both the FUTA tax and the state unemployment tax.

Local Taxes

Some states and cities have local payroll taxes that you will be subject to. For example, in Oregon, there is a statewide transit tax that is employee paid. There are also some zip codes with local transit taxes, like the TriMet tax, that are employer-paid.

In California, there are a few additional state payroll taxes, like ETT (Employment Training Tax) and SDI (State Disability Insurance). For ETT the employer is the taxpayer, while for SDI the employee is the taxpayer.

Because additional payroll taxes can vary by state and zip code, it’s always a good idea to check in with your local government agencies to see what taxes your business is subject to. It’s better to check before you run payroll than find out later that you owe back taxes or penalties.

State Taxes are an Important Part of Payroll

While many people may just think of the federal government when they think of payroll taxes, state payroll taxes also come into play in all areas. As an employer, it’s important to make sure you are deducting the appropriate state taxes from your employees.

You have to stay up-to-date on any rate changes or new local taxes as well. If you need help getting your payroll done correctly, we recommend an online payroll provider like Homebase. Homebase can help you get your employees paid and get your taxes filed on time, automatically.

Doing so can be tedious, which is why many employers use a payroll system like Homebase. With Homebase, you can onboard employees, track their time, and pay them all in one place.

State Payroll Tax FAQs

What are Payroll Taxes?

Payroll taxes are deductions from wages to fund public programs. They are different from income taxes. While income taxes are progressive and fund a variety of government initiatives, payroll taxes have flat rates and fund specific programs. They are primarily collected to fund Medicare and Social Security. Medicare provides health coverage for adults over 65, while Social Security provides retirement income for those who reach a specific age or meet other qualifying conditions.

What are the Different Types of Payroll Taxes?

• Federal Payroll Tax (FICA) involves contributions to both Social Security and Medicare, mandated by the Federal Insurance Contributions Act. The responsibility for these taxes is equally divided between employer and employee.
• For Social Security Tax, the rate stands at 12.4%, shared equally at 6.2% by both parties. This applies up to the wage base limit, set at $160,200 for 2023, increasing to $168,600 in 2024. Income above this limit is exempt from Social Security taxes for that year.
• Medicare Tax sees both employer and employee contributing 1.45% each, totaling 2.9%. Differing from Social Security, Medicare tax does not have a wage cap. However, earnings beyond certain thresholds ($200,000 for single filers, $250,000 for those married filing jointly) incur an additional 0.9% Medicare tax.
• Unemployment Taxes encompass the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) and State Unemployment Tax Act (SUTA), with FUTA being an employer-only tax applied to the first $7,000 earned by an employee.
• State and Local Taxes may also apply, varying by location. These can include income taxes and other state-specific levies, such as disability insurance taxes.

What are The Payroll Tax Deductions and Rates?

Only Medicare and Social Security come under payroll tax deductions. The rates are as follows:

• Social Security: 6.2%
• Medicare: 1.45%
• Additional Medicare: 0.9%
• Unemployment: Ranges from 0.6% to 6%

Depositing and filing procedures can differ, but federal payroll taxes are often deposited through the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System.

What About Payroll Tax Deferral?

It’s worth noting that the CARES Act allowed businesses to defer specific taxes. This provision, known as the Payroll Tax Cut, was introduced in 2020.

What about Self-Employed Individuals?

For those self-employed, the payroll tax combines both the employer and employee portions. This totals to a rate of 15.3%.

Calculation and Compliance for Payroll Tax

The method for calculating these taxes is straightforward: the gross taxable wages are multiplied against the applicable tax rate. Compliance is vital due to penalties like the trust fund recovery penalty (TFRP). To avoid these penalties:

• Ensure proper employee classification.
• Withhold and pay taxes on time.
• Use the correct tax report forms.
• Stay updated on tax law changes.
• Partner with a reputable payroll service.

What is Withholding Tax?

Withholding tax is a set amount of income tax deducted from U.S. residents and non-residents and sent to the IRS. Income tax withholding applies solely to those who earn from American sources. Learn more over on IRS.gov.

Do I Have to Withhold or Pay Tax on Independent Contractors?

You don’t have to take responsibility for self-employed income tax as a business or employer. Depending on the independent contractor’s net profit (or loss), they must pay a combination of Medicare and Social Security taxes.

What Are the Due Dates for Tax Liabilities?

Depending on how you run your business, there are multiple employment taxes, due dates, requirements, and exemptions you may need to be aware of. For information specific to your business (and the relevant calendar year), visit the official U.S. employment taxes due dates page.

Penalties may apply to employers who fail to deposit employment taxes correctly.

What Does Tax Remitting Mean?

Tax remitting is simply the process of sending money to the relevant authorities based on your business tax obligations.

What is a Payroll Tax Cut?

A payroll tax cut is a temporary reduction in the amount of payroll taxes that employers and/or employees need to pay. While it is commonly associated with the CARES Act of 2020, it can be enacted by the government during certain economic conditions to stimulate spending and provide relief.

Who is Responsible for Paying Payroll Taxes?

Both employers and employees have obligations when it comes to payroll taxes. They share the burden for taxes like Social Security and Medicare. However, there are certain taxes, such as federal unemployment tax, which are solely borne by the employer. It’s also noteworthy that self-employed individuals are responsible for both the employer and employee portions of these taxes.

What is the FICA Tax Rate?

FICA, which stands for the Federal Insurance Contributions Act, is a federal payroll tax. It’s split into two main segments: Social Security and Medicare. The combined rate for FICA is 15.3%, but this is shared between employers and employees. Specifically, Social Security is taxed at 6.2%, and Medicare is taxed at 1.45%. An additional Medicare tax of 0.9% applies to certain high earners.

What Kind of Tax is Payroll Tax?

Payroll tax differs from income tax in its structure. While income tax has a progressive rate system, where higher earners pay a larger percentage, payroll tax is levied at a flat rate. This means that regardless of the income level, the percentage remains the same, but it’s applied up to a certain wage base for Social Security.

How are Federal Payroll Taxes Usually Paid?

Employers are required to withhold the appropriate amount of payroll taxes from their employees’ paychecks and deposit these funds in a timely manner. Federal payroll taxes are often deposited using the Electronic Federal Tax Payment System. It offers a secure method to ensure that taxes are paid on time and in full, minimizing the risk of penalties for late or incomplete payments.